Due to high sign attenuation inherent in wire, transmission around distances better than the usual number of kilometres involves using routinely spaced repeaters to amplify, restore, and retransmit the sign. Transmission traces also have to have impedance matching for the transmitter or receiver so that you can reduce echo-generating reflections. https://awardsforgeneralmanager96396.theisblog.com/28434126/the-basic-principles-of-telecommunication